Range

The Range class provides generic range values for representing inclusive or exclusive ranges of ordered data types.

Import:

import { Range, BoundIncluded, BoundExcluded } from 'surrealdb';

Source: value/range.ts

Type parameters

Beg - The type of the beginning bound
End - The type of the ending bound

Bound types

Bounds are represented using BoundIncluded and BoundExcluded classes:

new BoundIncluded(value) — The bound includes the value
new BoundExcluded(value) — The bound excludes the value
undefined — Unbounded (no limit)

**Type:** `Bound = BoundIncluded | BoundExcluded | undefined`

Constructor

`new Range(begin, end)`

Create a new range value.

Syntax

new Range(begin, end)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description
`begin`	`Bound<Beg>`	The beginning bound (can be inclusive, exclusive, or undefined for unbounded).
`end`	`Bound<End>`	The ending bound (can be inclusive, exclusive, or undefined for unbounded).

Examples

// Numeric range [1, 100]
const numericRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(1),
    new BoundIncluded(100)
);

// Date range
const dateRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(new DateTime('2024-01-01')),
    new BoundIncluded(new DateTime('2024-12-31'))
);

// Half-open range [0, 10)
const halfOpen = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(0),
    new BoundExcluded(10)
);

Properties

`begin`

The beginning bound of the range.

**Type:** `Bound` — A `BoundIncluded`, `BoundExcluded`, or `undefined`

const range = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(1),
    new BoundIncluded(10)
);

console.log(range.begin.value); // 1
console.log(range.begin instanceof BoundIncluded); // true

`end`

The ending bound of the range.

**Type:** `Bound` — A `BoundIncluded`, `BoundExcluded`, or `undefined`

const range = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(1),
    new BoundIncluded(10)
);

console.log(range.end.value); // 10
console.log(range.end instanceof BoundIncluded); // true

Instance methods

`.toString()`

Convert to string representation.

Syntax

range.toString()

Returns

string - Range string (e.g., 1..10, 1..=10, 1>..10)

Examples

// Inclusive range [1, 10]
const inclusive = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(1),
    new BoundIncluded(10)
);
console.log(inclusive.toString()); // '1..=10'

// Exclusive range (1, 10)
const exclusive = new Range(
    new BoundExcluded(1),
    new BoundExcluded(10)
);
console.log(exclusive.toString()); // '1>..10'

// Half-open [1, 10)
const halfOpen = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(1),
    new BoundExcluded(10)
);
console.log(halfOpen.toString()); // '1..10'

`.toJSON()`

Serialize for JSON.

Syntax

range.toJSON()

Returns

string - Range string representation

`.equals(other)`

Check if two ranges are equal.

Syntax

range.equals(other)

Returns

boolean - True if equal

Complete examples

Numeric ranges

import { Surreal, Range, BoundIncluded } from 'surrealdb';

const db = new Surreal();
await db.connect('ws://localhost:8000');

// Define age range for filtering
const adultRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(18),
    new BoundIncluded(120)
);

// Query with range
const adults = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM users 
    WHERE age IN $range
`, {
    range: adultRange
}).collect();

Date ranges

import { DateTime, Range, BoundIncluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Define fiscal year
const fiscalYear = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(new DateTime('2024-01-01T00:00:00Z')),
    new BoundIncluded(new DateTime('2024-12-31T23:59:59Z'))
);

// Query events in date range
const events = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM events 
    WHERE date IN $range
`, {
    range: fiscalYear
}).collect();

Price ranges

import { Decimal, Range, BoundIncluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Define price range for product filtering
const budgetRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(new Decimal('0')),
    new BoundIncluded(new Decimal('100'))
);

const products = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM products 
    WHERE price IN $range
`, {
    range: budgetRange
}).collect();

Score ranges

import { Range, BoundIncluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Grade ranges
const gradeA = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(90),
    new BoundIncluded(100)
);

const gradeB = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(80),
    new BoundIncluded(89)
);

// Assign grades
const students = await db.query(`
    SELECT *,
        CASE
            WHEN score IN $gradeA THEN 'A'
            WHEN score IN $gradeB THEN 'B'
            ELSE 'C'
        END AS grade
    FROM students
`, {
    gradeA,
    gradeB
}).collect();

Time-based filtering

import { DateTime, Duration, Range, BoundIncluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Recent activity (last 30 days)
const now = DateTime.now();
const thirtyDaysAgo = now.sub(new Duration('30d'));

const recentRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(thirtyDaysAgo),
    new BoundIncluded(now)
);

const recentActivity = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM activity_log 
    WHERE timestamp IN $range
    ORDER BY timestamp DESC
`, {
    range: recentRange
}).collect();

Pagination with ID ranges

import { RecordId, Range, BoundIncluded, BoundExcluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Fetch records in ID range
const idRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(new RecordId('users', 'a')),
    new BoundExcluded(new RecordId('users', 'f'))
);

const users = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM users 
    WHERE id IN $range
`, {
    range: idRange
}).collect();

Exclusive ranges

import { Range, BoundExcluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Exclusive range (not including boundaries)
const exclusive = new Range(
    new BoundExcluded(0),
    new BoundExcluded(100)
);
// Matches: 0 < x < 100

const results = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM measurements 
    WHERE value IN $range
`, {
    range: exclusive
}).collect();

Half-open ranges

import { Range, BoundIncluded, BoundExcluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Half-open range [start, end)
const halfOpen = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(0),
    new BoundExcluded(10)
);
// Matches: 0 <= x < 10

// Common for array-like indexing
const items = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM items 
    WHERE index IN $range
`, {
    range: halfOpen
}).collect();

Multiple ranges

import { Range, BoundIncluded } from 'surrealdb';

// Define multiple severity levels
const low = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(0),
    new BoundIncluded(3)
);

const medium = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(4),
    new BoundIncluded(6)
);

const high = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(7),
    new BoundIncluded(10)
);

// Query by severity
const criticalIssues = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM issues 
    WHERE severity IN $range
`, {
    range: high
}).collect();

Range queries in application

import { Range, BoundIncluded, BoundExcluded, DateTime } from 'surrealdb';

function queryByRange<T>(
    start: T,
    end: T,
    inclusive: boolean = true
): Range<T, T> {
    return new Range(
        new BoundIncluded(start),
        inclusive ? new BoundIncluded(end) : new BoundExcluded(end)
    );
}

// Usage
const dateRange = queryByRange(
    new DateTime('2024-01-01'),
    new DateTime('2024-12-31')
);

const orders = await db.query(`
    SELECT * FROM orders 
    WHERE created_at IN $range
`, {
    range: dateRange
}).collect();

Range notation

SurrealDB uses specific notation for ranges:

Notation	Description	Example
`a..=b`	Inclusive both ends `[a, b]`	`1..=10`
`a..b`	Inclusive start, exclusive end `[a, b)`	`1..10`
`a>..b`	Exclusive start, exclusive end `(a, b)`	`1>..10`
`a>..=b`	Exclusive start, inclusive end `(a, b]`	`1>..=10`

Best practices

1. Use appropriate inclusivity

// Good: Inclusive for dates (including full days)
const dateRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(new DateTime('2024-01-01T00:00:00Z')),
    new BoundIncluded(new DateTime('2024-01-31T23:59:59Z'))
);

// Good: Exclusive end for array-like indexing
const arrayRange = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(0),
    new BoundExcluded(10)
); // [0, 10)

2. Type safety

// Good: Explicit types
const range: Range<number, number> = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(1),
    new BoundIncluded(100)
);

// Good: Consistent types
const dateRange: Range<DateTime, DateTime> = new Range(
    new BoundIncluded(DateTime.now()),
    new BoundIncluded(DateTime.now().add(new Duration('1d')))
);

3. Validate bounds

// Good: Ensure start <= end
function createRange<T>(start: T, end: T): Range<T, T> | null {
    if (start > end) {
        console.error('Invalid range: start must be <= end');
        return null;
    }
    
    return new Range(
        new BoundIncluded(start),
        new BoundIncluded(end)
    );
}

Use cases

Filtering - Filter records by numeric, date, or other ordered values
Pagination - Query records in ID ranges
Time Windows - Define time-based query windows
Price Filtering - E-commerce price range searches
Score Categorization - Categorize by score ranges (grades, ratings)
Geographic Bounds - Coordinate ranges for maps

Type parameters

Bound types

Constructor

new Range(begin, end)

Parameters

Examples

Properties

begin

end

Instance methods

.toString()

Returns

Examples

.toJSON()

Returns

.equals(other)

Returns

Complete examples

Numeric ranges

Date ranges

Price ranges

Score ranges

Time-based filtering

Pagination with ID ranges

Exclusive ranges

Half-open ranges

Multiple ranges

Range queries in application

Range notation

Best practices

1. Use appropriate inclusivity

2. Type safety

3. Validate bounds

Use cases

See also

`new Range(begin, end)`

`begin`

`end`

`.toString()`

`.toJSON()`

`.equals(other)`