`UPSERT` statement

The UPSERT statement can be used to insert records into the database, or to update them if they exist.

Note

In versions of SurrealDB between 2.0.0 and 2.0.4, an UPSERT statement was treated as an "UPDATE, otherwise INSERT" statement. It has since been changed to a statement which defaults to insertion, and updates otherwise. Please see the examples below for details.

Statement syntax

SurrealQL Syntax

UPSERT [ ONLY ] @targets
    [ CONTENT @value
      | MERGE @value
      | PATCH @value
	  | REPLACE @value
      | [ SET @field = @value, ... | UNSET @field, ... ]
    ]
    [ WHERE @condition ]
    [ RETURN NONE | RETURN BEFORE | RETURN AFTER | RETURN DIFF | RETURN @statement_param, ... | RETURN VALUE @statement_param ]
    [ TIMEOUT @duration ]
	[ EXPLAIN [ FULL ]]
;

Example usage

Conceptually, an UPSERT statement can be thought of as an "INSERT, otherwise UPDATE" statement.

`UPSERT` without a `WHERE` clause

As an UPSERT statement is primarily an INSERT statement, one without a WHERE clause will not perform an update.

UPSERT person SET name = 'Billy';
UPSERT person SET name = 'Bobby';
SELECT * FROM person;

As the output shows, the second UPSERT simply inserted another person record with the name "Bobby", rather than updating the existing record.

Output

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		id: person:c2bl54ahi551fcx9dqri,
		name: 'Billy'
	}
]

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		id: person:886dcoe1ayul217nl2fu,
		name: 'Bobby'
	}
]

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		id: person:886dcoe1ayul217nl2fu,
		name: 'Bobby'
	},
	{
		id: person:c2bl54ahi551fcx9dqri,
		name: 'Billy'
	}
]

Using the `WHERE` clause

Without a specified ID

When using the WHERE clause and no specified ID, SurrealDB will check to see if any records match the clause. If nothing matches, a new record will be created.

As such, the following UPSERT statement will return a new record:

UPSERT person SET name = 'Jaime' WHERE name = 'Jaime';

Output

[
	{
		id: person:7ilunylkcjgbg9gf0tqn,
		name: 'Jaime'
	}
]

Since a record with the name 'Jaime' exists, an UPSERT followed by WHERE name = 'Jaime' will update the existing record instead of creating a new one.

UPSERT person SET name = 'Tobie' WHERE name = 'Jaime';

Output

[
	{
		id: person:7ilunylkcjgbg9gf0tqn,
		name: 'Tobie'
	}
]

Now that no records have the name 'Jaime', the same query as above will now create a new record because no records match the WHERE clause. The database will now have two person records.

UPSERT person SET name = 'Tobie' WHERE name = 'Jaime';
SELECT * FROM person;

Output

-- Query
[
	{
		id: person:0n0ddlkmhe6mdb6ikkui,
		name: 'Tobie'
	}
]

-- Query
[
	{
		id: person:0n0ddlkmhe6mdb6ikkui,
		name: 'Tobie'
	},
	{
		id: person:7ilunylkcjgbg9gf0tqn,
		name: 'Tobie'
	}
]

With a specified ID

UPSERT behaviour with a specific ID and a WHERE clause differs slightly from the examples above. In this case, there is the possibility that a record ID already exists but the WHERE clause does not match. As such, there is no way to create a new record as the statement only pertains to an ID for an already existing record.

The following query will return a record, because the person:test record does not yet exist. The WHERE clause makes no difference as there is no record to apply it to.

UPSERT person:test SET name = 'Jaime' WHERE name = 'Jaime';

Output

[
	{
		id: person:test,
		name: 'Jaime'
	}
]

The following query will update the person:test record, because the record exists and the WHERE clause matches. The person:test record will now have the name 'Tobie'.

UPSERT person:test SET name = 'Tobie' WHERE name = 'Jaime';

Output

[
	{
		id: person:test,
		name: 'Tobie'
	}
]

However, this third query will return nothing. The WHERE clause does not match and thus person:test cannot be updated, and the statement itself only pertains to the person:test record, so a new record using a random ID will not be returned.

UPSERT person:test SET name = 'Billy' WHERE name = 'Jaime';

Output

[]

Improved performance via UPSERT and a unique index

Unique indexes can be used to ensure that no field or combination of fields is ever present more than once. For example, a game might have a rule that duplicate names can exist, but not within the same class.

DEFINE INDEX unique_key ON TABLE user FIELDS name, class UNIQUE;
DEFINE FIELD official_name ON TABLE user VALUE name + " the " + class;
CREATE user:billy SET name = "Billy", class = "wizard", metadata = { likes: ["strawberries"] };
CREATE user:billy_der_zweite SET name = "Billy", class = "wizard", metadata = { likes: ["strawberries", "fields"] };

As the output shows, the unique index prevents the creation of a second user with the name and class as the first.

Output

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		id: user:billy,
		metadata: {
			likes: [
				'strawberries'
			]
		},
		name: 'Billy',
		official_name: 'Billy the wizard',
		class: 'wizard'
	}
]

-------- Query --------
"Database index `unique_key` already contains ['Billy', 'wizard'], with record `user:billy`"

To change an existing record's metadata field to the value { likes: ["strawberries", "fields"] }, an UPDATE with a WHERE can be used. This performs a scan on the user table to check for all records that match the WHERE clause.

UPDATE user SET
	metadata = { likes: ["strawberries", "fields"] }
WHERE
	name = "Billy" AND
	class = "wizard";

However, a much more efficient method is available if you only need to update one record and have a unique index that can be used instead. This optimization is available when using UPSERT and a unique index, because the statement will always access the index in any case to first see if the record is a duplicate.

-- Checks the index for ["Mandy", "wizard"], no existing
-- record found so no problem
UPSERT user SET name = "Mandy", class = "wizard";

-- Fails because statement tries to upsert a new user:mandy
-- on top of the previous randomly generated one
UPSERT user:mandy SET 
	name = "Mandy",
	class = "wizard",
	metadata = { likes: ["strawberries" ]};

Output

-------- Query --------

[
	{
		class: 'wizard',
		id: user:kdvh401gofckvvy6nbiw,
		name: 'Mandy',
		official_name: 'Mandy the wizard'
	}
]

-------- Query --------

"Database index `unique_key` already contains ['Mandy', 'wizard'], with record `user:kdvh401gofckvvy6nbiw`"

Since an UPSERT statement already checks unique indexes by default, it uses this to recognize that the user with name = "Billy" and the = "Wizard" corresponds to the record user:j2ecdb2tf4ou29mr0yp5 and update it without needing to scan the entire user table.

UPSERT user SET
	name = "Billy",
	class = "wizard",
	metadata = { likes: ["strawberries", "fields"] };

Output

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		id: user:j2ecdb2tf4ou29mr0yp5,
		metadata: {
			likes: [
				'strawberries'
			]
		},
		name: 'Billy',
		official_name: 'Billy the wizard',
		class: 'wizard'
	}
]

To compare the performance difference between using a WHERE clause and a unique index yourself, here is an example that creates a crowded field of 50000 user records, followed by one more user named "Billy". An UPDATE using WHERE name = "Billy" AND class = "wizard" requires a full table scan, while an UPSERT using the two fields used to build the index is much faster.

DEFINE INDEX unique_key ON TABLE user FIELDS name, class UNIQUE;
DEFINE FIELD official_name ON TABLE user VALUE name + " the " + class;

-- Add 50000 users to fill up the database
FOR $i IN <array>0..50000 { CREATE user SET name = <string>$i, class = <string>$i; };

-- Create Billy, one of 50,001 records
CREATE user SET name = "Billy", class = "wizard";

-- Updating Billy requires a table scan
UPDATE user SET
	interests += "music"
WHERE
	name = "Billy" AND
	class = "wizard";

-- But UPSERT uses 'name' and 'class' to check the index anyway,
-- and thus can use it to access the record without a scan
UPSERT user SET
	name = "Billy",
	class = "wizard",
	interests += "travel";

Using the ONLY clause

The ONLY clause can be used to return a single record instead of an array of records.

-- UPSERT just a single record
-- Using the ONLY keyword, just an object for the record in question will be returned.
-- This, instead of an array with a single object.
UPSERT ONLY person:tobie SET 
	name = 'Tobie', 
	company = 'SurrealDB', 
	skills = ['Rust', 'Go', 'JavaScript'];

Type inference when using UPSERT

The += operator in the following query is enough for SurrealDB to infer that the interests field must be an array<string>.

-- UPSERT a document and remove a tag from an array
UPSERT person:tobie SET interests += 'Java';

Type inference will also work with a numeric value such as the click_count field below, in which case it will infer the field to be of type int with a default value of 0.

-- UPSERT a document and increment a numeric value
UPSERT webpage:home SET click_count += 1;

Creating a record by default makes the UPSERT statement an ideal way to manage an incrementing field.

UPSERT event_for:[time::now().format("%Y-%m-%d")] SET
    number += 1;

Possible output

[
	{
		id: event_for:[
			'2024-09-18'
		],
		number: 1
	}
]

Doing the same with an UPDATE statement would require much more manual work.

IF (SELECT * FROM event_for:[time::now().format("%Y-%m-%d")]).is_empty() {
    CREATE event_for:[time::now().format("%Y-%m-%d")] SET number = 1;
} ELSE {
    UPDATE event_for:[time::now().format("%Y-%m-%d")] SET number += 1;
};

CONTENT clause

Instead of specifying record data using the SET clause, it is also possible to use the CONTENT keyword to specify the record data using a SurrealQL object.

-- UPSERT all records with the same content
UPSERT person CONTENT {
	name: 'Tobie',
	company: 'SurrealDB',
	skills: ['Rust', 'Go', 'JavaScript'],
};

-- UPSERT a specific record with some content
UPSERT person:tobie CONTENT {
	name: 'Tobie',
	company: 'SurrealDB',
	skills: ['Rust', 'Go', 'JavaScript'],
};

Since version 2.1.0, a statement with a CONTENT clause will bypass READONLY fields instead of generating an error.

DEFINE FIELD created ON person TYPE datetime DEFAULT d'2024-01-01T00:00:00Z' READONLY;
UPSERT person:gladys SET age = 90;
-- Does not try to modify `created` field, no error
UPSERT person:gladys CONTENT { age: 70 };

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		age: 90,
		created: d'2024-01-01T00:00:00Z',
		id: person:gladys
	}
]

-------- Query --------
'Found changed value for field `created`, with record `person:gladys`, but field is readonly'

REPLACE clause

Originally an alias for CONTENT, the REPLACE clause maintains the previous behaviour regarding READONLY fields. If the content following REPLACE does not match a record's READONLY fields, an error will be generated.

DEFINE FIELD created ON person TYPE datetime DEFAULT d'2024-01-01T00:00:00Z' READONLY;
UPSERT person:gladys SET age = 90;
-- Attempts to change `created` field, error
UPSERT person:gladys REPLACE { age: 70 };
-- `created` equals current value, query works
UPSERT person:gladys REPLACE { age: 70, created: d'2024-01-01T00:00:00Z' };

Output

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		age: 90,
		created: d'2024-01-01T00:00:00Z',
		id: person:gladys
	}
]

-------- Query --------
'Found changed value for field `created`, with record `person:gladys`, but field is readonly'

-------- Query --------
[
	{
		age: 70,
		created: d'2024-01-01T00:00:00Z',
		id: person:gladys
	}
]

MERGE clause

Instead of specifying the full record data using the SET clause or the CONTENT keyword, it is also possible to merge-UPSERT only specific fields by using the MERGE keyword and specifying only the fields which are to be upserted.

-- Inserts a new record with a single field and random ID
UPSERT person MERGE {
	settings: {
		marketing: true,
	},
};

-- Updates certain fields on a specific record
UPSERT person:tobie MERGE {
	settings: {
		marketing: true,
	},
};

PATCH clause

You can also specify changes to be applied to your query response, using the PATCH clause which works similar to the JSON Patch specification

-- Patch the JSON response
UPSERT person:tobie PATCH [
	{
		"op": "add",
		"path": "Engineering",
		"value": "true"
	}
];

Alter the `RETURN` value

By default, the UPSERT statement returns the record value once the changes have been made. To change the return value of each record, specify a RETURN clause, specifying either NONE, BEFORE, AFTER, DIFF, or a comma-separated list of specific fields to return.

-- Don't return any result
UPSERT person:tobie SET interests += 'reading' RETURN NONE;

-- Return the changeset diff
UPSERT person:tobie SET interests += 'reading' RETURN DIFF;

-- Return the record before changes were applied
UPSERT person:tobie SET interests += 'reading' RETURN BEFORE;

-- Return the record after changes were applied (the default)
UPSERT person:tobie SET interests += 'reading' RETURN AFTER;

-- Return a specific field only from the upserted records
UPSERT person:tobie SET interests = ['skiing', 'music'] RETURN name, interests;

When processing a large result set with many interconnected records, it is possible to use the TIMEOUT keywords to specify a timeout duration for the statement. If the statement continues beyond this duration, then the transaction will fail, no records will be upserted in the database, and the statement will return an error.

UPSERT person:3 SET important = true WHERE ->knows->person->(knows WHERE influencer = true) TIMEOUT 5s;

The `EXPLAIN` clause

When EXPLAIN is used:

The UPSERT statement returns an explanation, essentially revealing the execution plan to provide transparency and understanding of the query performance.
The records are not updated.

EXPLAIN can be followed by FULL to see the number of executed rows.

UPSERT statement

Note

Statement syntax

Example usage

UPSERT without a WHERE clause

Using the WHERE clause

Without a specified ID

With a specified ID

Improved performance via UPSERT and a unique index

Using the ONLY clause

Type inference when using UPSERT

CONTENT clause

REPLACE clause

MERGE clause

PATCH clause

Alter the RETURN value

The EXPLAIN clause

`UPSERT` statement

`UPSERT` without a `WHERE` clause

Using the `WHERE` clause

Alter the `RETURN` value

The `EXPLAIN` clause