`surql`

The surql tagged template function creates parameterized SurrealQL queries with automatic value binding and SQL injection prevention.

Import:

import { surql } from 'surrealdb';

Source: utils/tagged-template.ts

Function Signature

function surql(
    strings: TemplateStringsArray, 
    ...values: unknown[]
): BoundQuery

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Description
`strings` required	`TemplateStringsArray`	Template string segments.
`values` required	`unknown[]`	Interpolated values (automatically bound as parameters).

Returns

BoundQuery - Parameterized query with automatic bindings

How It Works

The surql template automatically:

Extracts interpolated values
Generates unique parameter names
Replaces values with parameter references
Returns a BoundQuery with query string and bindings

const age = 18;
const query = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ${age}`;

// Internally becomes:
// query.query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > $bind__1"
// query.bindings = { bind__1: 18 }

Basic Examples

Simple Parameterized Query

import { surql } from 'surrealdb';

const minAge = 18;
const query = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE age >= ${minAge}`;

const [users] = await db.query(query).collect();

Multiple Parameters

const status = 'active';
const minAge = 18;
const tier = 'premium';

const query = surql`
    SELECT * FROM users 
    WHERE status = ${status}
    AND age >= ${minAge}
    AND tier = ${tier}
`;

const [users] = await db.query(query).collect();

With Value Types

import { RecordId, DateTime, Duration } from 'surrealdb';

const userId = new RecordId('users', 'john');
const cutoffDate = DateTime.now().minus(Duration.parse('30d'));

const query = surql`
    SELECT * FROM posts 
    WHERE author = ${userId}
    AND created_at >= ${cutoffDate}
    ORDER BY created_at DESC
`;

const [posts] = await db.query(query).collect();

Advanced Examples

Dynamic Query Building

function buildUserQuery(filters: {
    status?: string;
    minAge?: number;
    tier?: string;
}) {
    let query = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE 1=1`;
    
    if (filters.status) {
        query.append(surql` AND status = ${filters.status}`);
    }
    if (filters.minAge !== undefined) {
        query.append(surql` AND age >= ${filters.minAge}`);
    }
    if (filters.tier) {
        query.append(surql` AND tier = ${filters.tier}`);
    }
    
    return query;
}

const query = buildUserQuery({ status: 'active', minAge: 18 });
const [users] = await db.query(query).collect();

Multi-Statement Queries

const userId = new RecordId('users', 'john');
const postId = new RecordId('posts', '123');

const query = surql`
    BEGIN TRANSACTION;
    
    UPDATE ${userId} SET post_count += 1;
    
    CREATE ${postId} SET
        author = ${userId},
        title = ${'My Post'},
        content = ${'Post content here'},
        created_at = time::now();
    
    COMMIT TRANSACTION;
`;

await db.query(query).collect();

Combining with Expressions

import { expr, eq, gte } from 'surrealdb';

const condition = expr(and(
    eq('verified', true),
    gte('age', 18)
));

const tier = 'premium';
const query = surql`
    SELECT * FROM users 
    WHERE ${condition}
    AND tier = ${tier}
`;

const [users] = await db.query(query).collect();

Inserting Arrays

const users = [
    { name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com' },
    { name: 'Bob', email: 'bob@example.com' }
];

const query = surql`INSERT INTO users ${users}`;
await db.query(query).collect();

Graph Traversal

const userId = new RecordId('users', 'john');

const query = surql`
    SELECT 
        *,
        ->follows->users.* AS following,
        <-follows<-users.* AS followers
    FROM ${userId}
`;

const [result] = await db.query(query).collect();
console.log('Following:', result.following);
console.log('Followers:', result.followers);

Conditional Updates

const status = 'inactive';
const threshold = DateTime.now().minus(Duration.parse('90d'));

const query = surql`
    UPDATE users 
    SET status = ${status}
    WHERE active = false 
    AND last_login < ${threshold}
`;

const [updated] = await db.query(query).collect();
console.log(`Updated ${updated.length} users`);

Variable Definition

const minScore = 80;
const category = 'tech';

const query = surql`
    LET $high_scorers = SELECT * FROM users WHERE score >= ${minScore};
    LET $tech_users = SELECT * FROM users WHERE category = ${category};
    
    RETURN {
        high_scorers: $high_scorers,
        tech_users: $tech_users,
        intersection: SELECT * FROM $high_scorers WHERE category = ${category}
    };
`;

const [result] = await db.query(query).collect();

Batch Operations

const recordIds = [
    new RecordId('users', 'alice'),
    new RecordId('users', 'bob'),
    new RecordId('users', 'carol')
];

const query = surql`
    SELECT * FROM [${recordIds[0]}, ${recordIds[1]}, ${recordIds[2]}]
`;

const [users] = await db.query(query).collect();

SQL Injection Prevention

The surql template prevents SQL injection by automatically parameterizing all values:

// User input
const userInput = "'; DROP TABLE users; --";

// Safe: Treated as a parameter value
const query = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ${userInput}`;
// Becomes: SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = $bind__1
// With binding: { bind__1: "'; DROP TABLE users; --" }

// The malicious SQL is safely treated as a string value

Best Practices

1. Always Use surql for User Input

// Good: Safe parameterization
const userName = getUserInput();
const query = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ${userName}`;

// Dangerous: SQL injection risk
const query = `SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '${userName}'`;

2. Use for Complex Queries

// Good: Clear and safe
const query = surql`
    SELECT *,
        ->purchased->products.* AS purchases,
        <-manages<-departments.* AS departments
    FROM ${userId}
    WHERE active = ${true}
`;

// Harder to read and maintain
const query = new BoundQuery(
    'SELECT *, ->purchased->products.* AS purchases FROM $userId WHERE active = $active',
    { userId, active: true }
);

3. Leverage Type System

// Good: Type-safe values
const recordId = new RecordId('users', 'john');
const datetime = DateTime.now();

const query = surql`
    UPDATE ${recordId}
    SET last_login = ${datetime}
`;

// Values maintain their types through the query

4. Build Queries Incrementally

// Good: Append for dynamic queries
let query = surql`SELECT * FROM products WHERE 1=1`;

if (minPrice) {
    query.append(surql` AND price >= ${minPrice}`);
}
if (category) {
    query.append(surql` AND category = ${category}`);
}

query.append(surql` ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ${limit}`);

Common Pitfalls

1. Identifier Interpolation

// Problem: Table names can't be parameterized
const tableName = 'users';
const wrong = surql`SELECT * FROM ${tableName}`; // Creates $bind__1

// Solution: Use Table class
const table = new Table('users');
const correct = surql`SELECT * FROM ${table}`;

2. Field Names

// Problem: Field names as parameters
const fieldName = 'age';
const wrong = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE ${fieldName} > 18`;

// Solution: Use raw SQL for field names (with validation)
import { escapeIdent } from 'surrealdb';
const validated = escapeIdent(fieldName);
const correct = surql`SELECT * FROM users WHERE ${raw(validated)} > 18`;